【摘要】随着博物馆不断吸纳外部的期待与需求,欺凌问题也纳入了博物馆儿童教育的话题范畴。反欺凌不仅是一项道德义务,也不只是教育政策指向的目标,而是由所有利益攸关方共同参与的人权要务。本文通过对国内外若干反欺凌教育活动案例的观察,探讨博物馆如何从理论自觉出发,以历史、现实与自我三位一体的方式推动教育公平,以期为我国整体博物馆教育格局和博物馆学发展带来更多启示。
在2022年,国际博物馆日的主题是“博物馆的力量”(the Power of Museum)。根据国际博物馆协会(ICOM)的说法,博物馆带来积极性变革的潜力可以从三种视角展开,分别是“实现可持续发展的力量”“数字化与可及性创新的力量”和“通过教育进行社区建设的力量”[1]。尽管学界对博物馆在社会中的角色持有不同观点,但有一个共识,即博物馆是影响并反映社会变化特点的重要社会机构[2]。外部社会的需求可以促使博物馆发挥自身的潜力。因此,将反欺凌教育引入作为非营利性机构的博物馆,并与学校教育、家庭教育形成互补的协同机制,有望推动社会教育公平的发展,似乎是当下值得探索的方向。
二、博物馆反欺凌教育的可行性
首先,博物馆是高度可信的信息来源[13]。它的组织使命在一定程度上规避了市场力量的影响,其扮演的知识权威角色和拥有的公众信任的超强影响力,能够让博物馆在开展以价值为导向的教育时更为得心应手。博物馆作为行动者、文化中枢和文化中心,有时会比平台、媒介或论坛更适宜讨论困难问题[14],因为它可以在观众不反感与厌倦的情况下 参与文化事务。
其次,博物馆履行着关心公共福祉的角色。美国博物馆联盟(American Alliance of Museums)的特别刊物《博物馆2040》(Museum 2040)将博物馆定位为身心健康支持与认知的中心[15]。有学者指出,博物馆具有疗愈(healing)的潜力,通过触摸、艺术治疗以及独特的沟通环境,能够促进生理与情绪上的有益变化,带来放松,激发反思,促使对他人感受和想法的理解与共情,并树立关爱自我的健康观念[16]。因此,博物馆能够以特有的方式,一方面修复儿童在遭受欺凌后的身体与心灵,另一方面也能教导儿童相互尊重、友善与关怀,从源头上减少欺凌现象。
此外,其他博物馆也通过展览和公共教育项目等方式开展基于现实的儿童反欺凌教育项目。例如,罗莎·帕克斯博物馆(Rosa Parks Museum)在当地学校举办免费论坛,提供反欺凌公共服务,以帮助引导学生正确认识欺凌现象,以及如何处理身边的欺凌事件[29]。密歇根州立大学博物馆(Michigan State University Museum)则以性虐待为议题举办了展览“寻找我们的声音:幸存的女孩们如此说道”(Finding Our Voice: Sister Survivors Speak)。策展团队在展览开始之前设置了一个名为“C.A.R.E.=‘每日同意和尊重’”(C.A.R.E.=Consent and Respect Everyday!)的 站点。该展示区介绍了身体自主权的概念,科普了受欺凌者如何自救与彼此支持,并围绕“同意”提出了一系列角色扮演式的设问,强化孩子们的反欺凌意识[30]。
(三)主题的再诠释
(四)余论:再造博物馆的力量
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